極旱見的跳傘

傘是一種提供陰涼環境或遮蔽雨、雪的工具。傘的製作材料通常包括了具延展性的布料，和其他可用作骨架的材料與纏線。使用時是以手將之舉起，雖然傘在最初發明時的主要目的，是用來阻擋陽光，但是現在最常被當作雨天擋雨的雨具。

用來遮蔽陽光的傘又稱作陽傘（上海話：洋傘）或遮陽傘，可固定於露臺桌等戶外傢具，或用在海灘上。

傘這個字的英文umbrella是來自拉丁文的umbra，有遮陽、陰影處的意思。

世界上最快汽車 Thrust SSC Montage

汽車，即本身具有動力得以驅動，不須依軌道或電力架設，得以機動行駛之車輛。廣義來說，具有四輪行駛的車輛，普遍多稱為汽車。雖然，長久以來學術各界對：『誰是第一位汽車發明者』，皆有不同的看法及論述，未有完全一致性的看法。但是，絕大部份學者皆將德國工程師卡爾·朋馳視為第一位發明者[1]。
目錄
[隱藏]

* 1 汽車歷史
* 2 汽車安全
* 3 環境保護
* 4 定義與分類
o 4.1 日本
o 4.2 美國
o 4.3 德國
o 4.4 中華民國
o 4.5 中華人民共和國
* 5 基本構造
o 5.1 中華民國
+ 5.1.1 技術與結構
+ 5.1.2 零件與附件
o 5.2 中華人民共和國
+ 5.2.1 技術與結構
+ 5.2.2 零件與附件
o 5.3 香港
+ 5.3.1 技術與結構
+ 5.3.2 零件與附件
* 6 相關條目
* 7 參考資料
* 8 備註
* 9 外部連結

[編輯] 汽車歷史

主條目：汽車歷史

蒸氣車
蒸氣車

* 1629年，義大利工程師喬凡尼·白蘭卡（Giovanni Branca）利用蒸氣可推動渦輪葉片的原理，將蒸氣動力機械裝置，架設在馬車上。
* 1766年，法國發明家詹姆斯·瓦特改良蒸氣機。
* 1769年，法國工程師尼可拉斯·庫紐（Nicholas Cugnot）在巴黎文森森林公園製造一輛三輪蒸氣車
* 1672年，比利時傳教士南懷仁在北京製造出蒸氣動力機械裝置，架設在馬車上的三輪蒸氣車[2]。
* 1801年，法國化學家飛利浦·勒本（Philips Lebon）成功研發以煤氣和氫氣為燃料的二衝程發動機。
* 1866年，德國工程師尼古拉斯·奧圖（Nikolous Otto）發明四衝程發動機。
* 1885年，德國工程師卡爾·朋馳在曼海姆製造出汽油引擎裝置，架設在馬車上的三輪汽車，有0.85馬力汽油引擎。
* 1886年1月29日，取得世界第一項汽車引擎專利[3]。同年7月，世界第一部四輪汽車正式販售[4]。
* 1888年，法國商人埃米爾·羅傑斯（Emile Roger）成為世界第一位擁有汽車的人。
* 1902年11月，中國太后慈禧成為中國第一位擁有汽車的人[5]。

爆笑短片 - 可愛的企鵝

企鵝（學名Spheniscidae） 是一種不會飛行的鳥類，屬於企鵝目，企鵝科。主要生活在地球的南半球，目前已知全世界的企鵝共有十七種或十八種，其中四種生活在熱帶赤道，分別是漢波德企鵝、麥哲倫企鵝、黑腳企鵝、加拉巴哥企鵝，皆屬於環企鵝屬；完全生活在極地的只有皇帝企鵝及阿德利企鵝兩種。

特徵

企鵝可以說是最不怕冷的鳥類。牠全身羽毛密佈，並且皮下脂肪厚達二至三公分，這種特殊的保溫設備，使牠在攝氏零下六十度的冰天雪地中，仍然能夠自在生活。

構造

在演化的過程中，企鵝的雙翅退化成鰭狀，失去飛行的能力，擅長游泳和潛水，以水中的魚、甲殼類為食，可利用白色的肚子在冰面滑行。企鵝的身高依種類有所不同，最高的企鵝是皇帝企鵝，身高約130厘米，體重約30公斤，最小的企鵝是小藍企鵝，高約35厘米，重0.8公斤，主要分佈於澳洲。企鵝身上的羽毛具有防水功能，羽毛之下有絨毛，具有保溫功用，皮下脂肪豐富。企鵝的骨頭不像一般的飛禽那樣輕，而是比較重的，才能夠潛水。

mortgage

A mortgage is a method of using property (real or personal) as security for the payment of a debt.

The term mortgage (from Law French, lit. dead pledge) refers to the legal device used for this purpose, but it is also commonly used to refer to the debt secured by the mortgage, the mortgage loan.

In most jurisdictions mortgages are strongly associated with loans secured on real estate rather than other property (such as ships) and in some cases only land may be mortgaged. Arranging a mortgage is seen as the standard method by which individuals and businesses can purchase residential and commercial real estate without the need to pay the full value immediately. See mortgage loan for residential mortgage lending, and commercial mortgage for lending against commercial property.

In many countries it is normal for home purchases to be funded by a mortgage. In countries where the demand for home ownership is highest, strong domestic markets have developed, notably in Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Wii

The Wii (pronounced as the pronoun we, IPA: [wiː]) is the fifth home video game console released by Nintendo. The console is the direct successor to the Nintendo GameCube. Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3.^[3] It competes with both as part of the seventh generation of gaming systems.

A distinguishing feature of the console is its wireless controller, the Wii Remote, which can be used as a handheld pointing device and can detect acceleration in three dimensions. Another is WiiConnect24, which enables it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode.^[4]

Nintendo first spoke of the console at the 2004 E3 press conference and later unveiled the system at the 2005 E3. Satoru Iwata revealed a prototype of the controller at the September 2005 Tokyo Game Show.^[5] At E3 2006, the console won the first of several awards.^[6] By December 8, 2006, it completed its launch in four key markets. During the week of September 12, 2007, the Financial Times declared that the Wii is the current sales leader of its generation.^[7]

NOKIA Moblie

Nokia Corporation (OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is a multi-national communications corporation, focused on the key growth areas of wired and wireless telecommunications. Nokia is currently the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones, with a global device market share of approximately 38% in Q2 of 2007.^[2] Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). The corporation also produces telecommunications network equipment for applications such as mobile and fixed-line voice telephony, ISDN, broadband access, voice over IP, and wireless LAN.

Nokia's headquarters are located in Espoo, a neighbouring city of Finland's capital Helsinki. It has R&D, manufacturing, and sales representation sites in many continents throughout the world. Nokia Research Center, the corporation's industrial research laboratories, has sites in Helsinki; Tampere; Toijala; Tokyo; Beijing; Budapest; Bochum; Palo Alto, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Major production factories are located at Salo, Finland; Beijing, China; Dongguan, China; Chennai, India; Komárom, Hungary and the Ruhr region at Germany. In March 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj-Napoca City Council, Romania to open a new plant near the city in Jucu commune.^[3][4][5] Nokia's Design Department remains in Salo.

Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland. Nokia is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki); a unique situation for an industrialized country.^[6] It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokia's subcontractors. Nokia increased Finland's GDP by more than 1.5 percent in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokia's share of the Finland's GDP was 3.5 percent and accounted for almost a quarter of Finland's exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland. This has led some to refer to Finland as "Nokialand."

Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Nokia is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in BusinessWeek's Best Global Brands list of 2007 (1st non-US company),^[7] the 20th most admirable company worldwide in Fortune's World's Most Admired Companies list of 2007 (1st in network communications, 4th non-US company),^[8] and is the world's 119th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2007, up from 131 of the previous year.^[9]

Metal Gear Solid 4 (Playstation 3)

Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots is a story-driven adventure game, with seasoned hero Solid Snake drafted for one final mission. Set across stages including the Middle East and South America, the now aged Snake has been asked to assassinate his old adversary, Liquid Ocelot. To do this, however, he must make his way through a series of battlefields, using his legendary stealth abilities and all-new OctoCamo suit to avoid detection and to reach his target. With series favorites such as Meryl Silverburgh, Raiden, Hal 'Otacon' Emmerich, Eva and Roy Campbell returning, and with all new gameplay features including a remote-controlled Metal Gear Mk. II and enhanced CQC (Close Quarters Combat) system, Metal Gear Solid 4 rounds out the Metal Gear saga with a fittingly cinematic and gripping final outing.

host name

A hostname (occasionally also, a sitename) is the unique name by which a network-attached device (which could consist of a computer, file server, network storage device, fax machine, copier, cable modem, etc.) is known on a network. The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various forms of electronic communication such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet.

On the Internet, the terms "hostname" and "domain name" are often used interchangeably, but there are subtle technical differences between them.

Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 Internet hostnames 2.1 Restrictions on valid host names 2.2 Choosing host names 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links

[edit] Overview

Hostnames are used by various naming systems, NIS, DNS, SMB, etc., and so the meaning of the word hostname will vary depending on naming system in question, which in turn varies by type of network. A hostname meaningful to a Microsoft NetBIOS workgroup may be an invalid Internet hostname. When presented with a hostname and no context, it is usually safe to assume that the network is the Internet and DNS is the hostname's naming system.

Host names are typically used in an administrative capacity and may appear in computer browser lists, active directory lists, IP address to hostname resolutions, email headers, etc. They are human-readable nick-names, which ultimately correspond to unique network hardware MAC addresses. In some cases the host name may contain embedded domain names and/or locations, non-dotted IP addresses, etc.

On a simple local area network, a hostname is usually a single word: for instance, an organization's CVS server might be named "cvs" or "server-1".

[edit] Internet hostnames

On the Internet, a hostname is a domain name assigned to the host. This is usually a combination of the host's local name with its parent domain's name. For example, "en.wikipedia.org" consists of a hostname ("en") and the domain name "wikipedia.org". This kind of hostname is translated into an IP address via the local hosts file, or the Domain Name System (DNS) resolver. It is possible for a single host to have several hostnames; but generally the operating system of the host prefers to have one hostname that the host uses for itself.

Any domain name can also be hostname, as long as the restrictions mentioned below are followed. So, for example, both "en.wikimedia.org" and "wikimedia.org" are hostnames because they both have IP addresses assigned to them. The domain name "pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is not a hostname since it does not have an IP address, but "rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is a hostname. All hostnames are domain names, but not all domain names are hostnames.

[edit] Restrictions on valid host names

Hostnames, like all domain names^[1], are made up of a series of "labels", with each label being separated by a dot. Each label must be between 1 and 63 characters long, and there is a maximum of 255 characters when all labels are combined.

Unlike domain names, hostname labels can only be made up of the ASCII letters 'a' through 'z' (case-insensitive), the digits '0' through '9', and the hyphen. Labels can not start nor end with a hyphen. Special characters other than the hyphen (and the dot between labels) are not allowed, although they are sometimes used anyway. Underscore characters are commonly used by Windows systems but according to RFC 952 they are not allowed and several systems, such as DomainKeys and the SRV record deliberately use the underscore to make sure their special domain names are not confused with a hostname. Since some systems will check to make sure that hostnames contain only valid characters and others do not, the use of the invalid characters such as the underscore has caused many subtle problems in systems that connect to the wider world.

So, the hostname "en.wikipedia.org" is made up of the DNS labels "en", "wikipedia" and "org". Labels such as "2600" and "3com" can be used in hostnames, but "-hi-" and "*hi*" are invalid.

A hostname is considered to be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) if all the labels up to and including the top-level domain name (TLD) are specified. Depending on the system, an unqualified hostname such as "compsci" or "wikipedia" may be combined with default domain names in order to determine the fully qualified domain name. So, a student at Harvard may be able to send mail to "joe@compsci" and have it sent to compsci.harvard.edu.

[edit] Choosing host names

General guidelines on choosing a good hostnames are outlined in RFC 1178. The folklore interest of hostnames stems from the creativity and humour they often display. Interpreting a sitename is not unlike interpreting a vanity licence plate; one has to mentally unpack it, allowing for mono-case and length restrictions and the lack of whitespace. Hacker tradition deprecates dull, institutional-sounding names in favour of punchy, humorous, and clever coinages (except that it is considered appropriate for the official public gateway machine of an organisation to bear the organisation's name or acronym). Mythological references, cartoon characters, animal names, and allusions to sci-fi or fantasy literature are probably the most popular sources for sitenames (in roughly descending order). The obligatory comment is Harris's lament: "All the good ones are taken!"

It is often possible to guess a hostname for a particular institution. This is useful if you want to know if they operate network services like anonymous FTP, World-Wide Web or finger. First try the institution's name or obvious abbreviations thereof, with the appropriate domain appended, e.g. "mit.edu". If this fails, prepend "ftp." or "www." as appropriate, e.g. "www.data-io.com". You can use the ping command as a quick way to test whether a hostname is valid.

[edit] See also

• Scarcity

[edit] Notes and references

1. ^ Host name vs domain name explanation from the DNS OP IETF Working Group

[edit] External links

• RFC 952 - "DoD Internet host table specification."
• RFC 1034 - "DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES" (In particular, section 3.5)
• RFC 1035 - "DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION" (In particular, section 2.3.1)
• RFC 1123 - "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support."
• RFC 1178 - "Choosing a Name for Your Computer"
• RFC 3696 - "Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names"

• web-based tools working with hostnames at the Open Directory Project

bank

A bank is a commercial or state institution that provides financial services, including issuing money in various forms, receiving deposits of money, lending money and processing transactions and the creating of credit. A commercial bank accepts deposits from customers and in turn makes loans, even in excess of the deposits; a process known as fractional-reserve banking. Some banks (called Banks of issue) issue banknotes as legal tender. Many banks offer ancillary financial services to make additional profit; for example, most banks also rent safe deposit boxes in their branches.